The Policy Of Genetically Modified Crops - 1401 Words

INTRODUCTION: There are a lot of questions concerning the policy of genetically modified crops in India, regarding the approach towards the development of economy, the technological impact on the nation and also the relationships between farming and business communities. The supporting parties of Biotechnology in agriculture argue that the genetically modified crops could be the solution to most of the existing problems in the country’s agriculture; opposing parties argue that it could have negative impact on the environment and livelihood of farmers. The policy changes in India on the GM crops were influenced by both the pro and anti GM parties, the approach of both the parties has been similar in many ways through their international†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile Illegal Bt cotton was found in Gujarat during 2001 and it was later found that the seeds were from a local company based in Hyderabad producing hybrid varieties called Navbharat Seeds Co and not Monsanto-MAHYCO Biotech. During the same year at the citizens’ jury of India meeting held in Karnataka which consisted of 14 farmers both men and women, the jury has voted against the GM crops after discussing and accessing all the information provided to them by the Monsanto, government, scientific institutes and other biotech organisations .The jury supported localized food systems over GM crops at the time and provided a list of actions that could be undertaken by the government and biotech companies for the approval of GM Crops in the future. ‘Genes are the functional units of heredity’, the insertion of a transgene (gene sequence from another organism of similar or different species) using technologies like genetic engineering and R-DNA into a plant makes it a genetically modified plant.GM Cotton is produced by inserting a gene coding for Bt (Protein present in bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis) into cotton plant, Bt-protein is toxic to certain pests like Bollworm. The name Bollgard was given to the newly developed genetically modified cotton and it was commercialized in the year 2002.Many developing countries have opted for GM crops, despite the presence of strong opposing parties and campaigns, including India, China, Canada,

Genetically Modified Animals Genetic Engineering

Dexter I. McMillon Genetically Modified Animals Biology Assignment #2 Strayer University Professor 08/23/2015 Genetically Modified Animals Introduction In this research paper on gene technology I hope to share some understanding in the process of gene transfer in animals, the process of obtaining genetically engineered animals, and analyze the social and moral implications associated with this gene technology in animals. Genetic modification of animals started thirty years ago with the production of genetically modified mice. Gene modification is the process of crossing and selective breeding of animals and has been carried out by breeders for quite some time now. These modifications were carried out to obtain certain desirable traits. For example, the Chihuahua was genetically modified from its wolf like ancestors and crossed to obtain other desirable traits like growth, increased resistance to diseases, fatty acid levels, and meat quality. The science of genetic engineering, however, is the introduction of a foreign gene by recombinant DNA technique or biotechnology and knowingly causing a modification in the genome of animals. Discussion Biological basis of genetic engineering in animals In the technology of genetic engineering of animals the first essential step is to ensure that the gene of interest is delivered into the germ line cells. This will ensure that all introduced cells will inherit the entire characteristic of the introduced gene.Show MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesGene Technology Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms/organisms which have been genetically altered meaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. 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Humans have been using biotechnology for centuries in activities ranging from plant and animal breeding through to brewing and baking. All living things have genes. Genes are coded instructions that determineRead MoreEssay about Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law?992 Words   |  4 PagesShould Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law? â€Å"Just as the success of a corporate body in making money need not set the human condition ahead, neither does every scientific advance automatically make our lives more meaningful† ( Professor George Wald, Noble Prize winning biologist, The Dangers of Genetic Engineeering 1976, p.45) . Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes. It uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter theRead MoreGene Technology756 Words   |  4 Pages Biological basis - Genetic engineering is a laboratory process by which an individual genome is purposely modified. With genetic engineering a gene from one species can be transferred to another and produce an organism that is transgenic or a gene can be altered and reinserted into an individual of the same species. Either way resulting in genetically modified organism also known as GMO. One GMO being used now is genetically modified or engineered animals which are animals in which modern technologyRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Brave New World1012 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. 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Gene cloning has four basic processes, namely cutting : the process of isolating the required starnd of DNA, modification

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(219) " So the intent of this survey is to analyze the efficaciousness of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency\." Among the musculus undergoing adaptative shortening, hamstring is the 1 normally traveling for adaptative shortening. The hamstring comprises of three big musculuss viz. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femur which arises from the tubercle of ischial bone. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and cross the hip and articulatio genus articulations. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the articulatio genus. Hamstringing stringency is common in normal single because of immobilisation of a tissue in a sawed-off place consequences in adaptative shortening. As the musculus shortens, its snap of the normal tissue was decreased and a alteration in the length tenseness relationship of the musculus, loss of flexibleness besides occurs. Hamstring stringency could do the musculo sinewy unit more susceptible to injury, increase opposition to assorted anatomical constructions, which may take to overdrive syndrome. Stringency could besides leads to pathological conditions at the articulation on which the musculus Acts of the Apostless, particularly on a musculus like hamstring which passes over the two articulations. Muscle stringency has a important impact on neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationships. When one musculus in a force twosome becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved articulation. This affects the interactive map of the full kinetic concatenation, taking to unnatural emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular/lymphatic stasis. Muscle stringency besides cause mutual suppression. Increased musculus spindle activity in a specific musculus will do reduced nervous thrust to that musculus ‘s functional adversary. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved section. Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a musculus to lengthen and let one articulation ( or more than one articulation in a series ) to travel through a scope of gesture. Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the â€Å" scope of gesture available in a joint or a group of articulation that is influenced by musculuss, ligaments and castanetss † . Loss of flexibleness agencies reduced ability of a musculus to deform. Loss of flexibleness may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace, lumbar pelvic beat was disturbed, anterior pelvic joust was restricted, lumbar gesture was increased. Excessive mobility of lumbar spinal column leads to pulling of lumbar ligaments and accordingly hurting and instability. ( Levangie and Norkin, 2001 ) Loss of flexibleness can besides do hurting originating from musculus, connective tissue or periosteum. ( Hardy, 1989 ; Tillmann and Cummings, 1992 ) With respect to of import function of hamstring flexibleness Restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an of import function in efficiency and effectivity of human motion. Benefits of flexibleness is to heighten the scope of gesture, improved organic structure place, possible alleviation of achings and hurting, protection against low back hurting and hurts, decrease of station exercising musculus tenderness, and promotes relaxation. Hamstringing stringency can be measured utilizing the ( 1 ) Active one-sided straight leg rise trial, ( 2 ) Passive one-sided straight leg rise trial, ( 3 ) Sit and make trial, ( 4 ) Active articulatio genus extension trial. Straight leg rise trial are widely used as a neurologic trials, hence they do non give valid steps of hamstring stringency because of pelvic rotary motion that occurs during the trial. Active articulatio genus extension trial is the dependable trial. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon length by altering their viscousness and malleability ( Ziskin et al, 1986 ) . Skeletal musculuss have a higher rate of soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges when compared to fatty tissue. ( Dyson, 1987 ; Low and Reed, 1990 ) . Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of the collagen. As hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening ( Folconer et al, 1992 ) . Inactive stretching allow the musculus spindle to suit, cut down their fire rate ; hence inactive stretch is effectual in increasing the length of musculus. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) . Longer keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of additions in scope of gesture ( Feland et al, 2001 ) . Stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did non increase musculus flexibleness ( Beaulien, 1981 ) . Inactive stretch of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring musculus length. Combination of ultrasound therapy with 30 seconds stretch is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibleness ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006 ) . Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) are manually applied stretching techniques that use rules of neurophysiology to loosen up hyperactive musculus and stretch inveterate shortened musculuss. Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) have the ability to loosen up hyperactive musculuss or stretch tight musculuss and their associated fascial constituents when connective tissue or viscoelastic alterations have occurred. When utilizing Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) , it is of import to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular constituent before trying to stretch the involved muscular structure. Two cardinal neurophysiologic rules account for the neuromuscular suppression. The first rule of Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) is post contraction suppression / autogenous suppression / station isometric relaxation. The 2nd rule is mutual suppression. Muscle energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension in persons with hamstring stringency ( Ballantyne 2003 ) . Muscle energy technique is significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness in collegiate males ( Wassim.M et Al 2009 ) . 1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY: Continuous ultrasound therapy, inactive stretching, musculus energy technique ( MET ) are important in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. These methods of intervention are good accepted and practised by assorted research workers harmonizing to old literature, but there was no survey to compare the consequence of musculus energy technique ( MET ) and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. So the intent of this survey is to analyze the efficaciousness of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 1.2 Purposes: To happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 1.3 Aim: To analyze the consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. To analyze the consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. To compare the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 1.4 KEYWORDS: Hamstringing flexibleness, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, Active articulatio genus extension trial. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS 1.5.1 Null Hypothesis: There is no important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is no important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS There is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is a important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE Hamstring Stringency: Worrel et Al ( 2003 ) Stated that hamstring hurts in jocks is chiefly due to the deficiency of hamstring flexibleness. Kishner and Colby et Al ( 2002 ) Stated that equal mobility of soft tissues and articulations is thought to be an of import factor in bar of hurt ( or ) reinjury to soft tissues. Donald E Hartig et Al ( 1999 ) Stated that addition in hamstring flexibleness lessenings overuse hurts in lower appendages. Sarhmann.S et Al ( 1997 ) Stated that musculus stringency and hypertonicity has a important impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationship. Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et Al ( 1997, 1984 ) Stated that musculus stringency alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved articulation. This affects the interactive map taking to abnormal joint emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular or lymphatic stasis. Ronald F, Zernickle et Al ( 1996 ) Stated that pull outing flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity. Zachazewski et Al ( 1989 ) Stated that loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace. Cummingss, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et Al ( 1983 ) Stated that stringency is referred to mild shortening of a healthy musculo sinewy unit otherwise referred to as a mild transeunt contracture. A musculus that is â€Å" tight † can be lengthened to all but the outer bounds of its scope. Normal person who do non on a regular basis take part in a flexibleness plan can develop mild myostatic contractures or stringency, peculiarly in two joint musculuss such as hamstrings, rectus femur or gastronemius. Fox E.L et Al ( 1979 ) Stated that flexibleness enhances motion by bettering organic structure consciousness with greater easiness and sleight. Lawrence Gold et Al Stated that the hamstrings are the musculuss that run from buttocks and below the articulatio genuss up to the dorsum of the thigh till the â€Å" sitbones † . Soft tissue hurts, articulatio genus hurting, lacerate semilunar cartilage, chondromalacia kneecap and hapless position frequently come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can forestall the person from making full extension or from flexing over wholly. ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC Stretching Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et Al ( 2010 ) Conducted a survey to analyze the consequence of two different manners ( Continuous versus Pulsed ) in diminishing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired work forces aged 20 to 30 old ages were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrings. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/CmA? , 1MHZ, five proceedingss and Pulsed ultrasound of 200A µs explosion of 1MHZ, 0.5W/CmA? , five proceedingss was used. They concluded that the warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings. Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et Al ( 2010 ) Stated that the addition in flexibleness was maintained for a period of 4 hebdomads after the surcease of preparation. This betterment was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by utilizing active articulatio genus extension trial than the inactive stretching group. Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U et Al ( 2008 ) Stated that the superficial ( or ) deep heat applications before inactive stretching exercisings shows positive effects to increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss. Nichole Lee Lounsberry et Al ( 2008 ) Stated that the ultrasound intervention produced greater immediate additions in hamstring extensibility than moist heat battalions intervention. A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et Al ( 2006 ) Stated that the additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings. Denegar C, Saliba E, et Al ( 2006 ) Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial warming, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at deepness of 3-5 centimeter and is considered to be a deep warming agent. Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et Al ( 2004 ) Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any continuance between 15 and 120 seconds on surrogate yearss for six hebdomads would significantly increase its flexibleness. The consequence was besides sustained for upto 7 yearss post intercession. Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et Al ( 2003 ) Stated that the clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did n’t showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population. C.D.Weijer et Al ( 2003 ) Stated that the inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length. Feland et Al ( 2001 ) Reported that longer keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of addition in scope of gesture. Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et Al ( 2001 ) Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tenseness is reduced. This leads is to an addition in length of musculus. Robert and Wilson et Al ( 1999 ) Stated that inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation. William D Bandy et Al ( 1996 ) Stated that a inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length. Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al ( 1995 ) Stated that the continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss. Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al, Lentell G, Hetherington T et Al, Madding SW et Al ( 1994 ) Stated that Inactive stretching is a method of stretching in which the musculuss and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary place at their greatest possible length for some period. When utilizing inactive stretching on a clinical footing, stretches should be held a lower limit of 15 to 30 seconds. Chan et Al ( 1993 ) Stated that sinew ranges greater temperature and heat more rapidly than musculus and the sinew was able to keep vigorous heating for longer period than musculus. Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et Al ( 1993 ) Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than musculus tissue ; sinews will retain heat for longer periods of clip. Folconer et Al ( 1992 ) Stated that ultrasound additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Gordon and Ghez et Al ( 1991 ) Stated that inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire. Low and Reed et Al ( 1990 ) , Dyson et Al ( 1987 ) Stated that low soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges is seen in tissues that are in H2O content ( eg. , fat ) , whereas soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein ( e.g. , skeletal musculus ) . Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et Al ( 1990 ) Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to aim the collagen rich sinewy unit of the hamstring musculus because of its ability to perforate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40A ° Celsius will increase the snap of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of the tissue. Gajdosik RL, Godges JJ et Al ( 1989 ) Stated that a low strength maintained stretch that is applied bit by bit is less likely to ease the stretch physiological reaction and increase tenseness in the musculus being lengthened. This is called inactive stretch. Ziskin et Al ( 1986 ) Stated that an increasing in tendon length following uninterrupted ultrasound therapy is due to alter of their viscousness and malleability. Beaulien et Al ( 1981 ) Stated that stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did n’t increase musculus flexibleness. Coakley et Al ( 1978 ) Stated that frequence of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more hypodermic fat who sustained hurts at deeper degree because of its incursion to a deepness of 3 to 5 centimeter. Lehman et Al ( 1968 ) Emphasized on the thermic effects of uninterrupted ultrasound compared to other heating modes in increasing hamstring flexibleness. De Vries HA et Al ( 1962 ) Stated that inactive stretching offers advantages of utilizing less overall force, diminishing the danger of transcending the tissue extensibility bounds, lower energy demand, and a lower likeliness of musculus tenderness. Inactive stretching besides has less consequence on the Ia and II spindle sensory nerve fibers than ballistic stretching, which would be given to increase a musculuss ‘ opposition to stretch and ease Golgis tendon organ, thereby cut downing the contractile elements opposition to distortion. MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE: Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et Al ( 2010 ) Conducted a survey in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibleness by comparing the effectivity of musculus energy technique and bizarre preparation. Sum of 20 males with hamstring stringency falling between age group of 18-25 old ages were included in the survey. Hamstring stringency was measured by popliteal angle/active articulatio genus extension trial. One group was treated with musculus energy technique and the other with bizarre preparation. This survey stated that hamstring flexibleness can be improved with musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation than bizarre preparation. Wassim M et Al ( 2009 ) Reported that musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency. Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sadet Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et Al ( 2009 ) Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal immature adult females utilizing either inactive stretch or musculus energy technique had similar effects on reconstructing flexibleness to hamstrings. Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et Al ( 2008 ) Stated that the musculus energy technique is effectual in increasing hamstring extensibility, and at that place appeared to be sustained betterment one hebdomad following the initial intervention. Ross A, Clark et Al ( 2008 ) Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased. Lindsey Samilian et Al ( 2007 ) Stated that musculus energy technique is a method used to beef up weak musculuss, lengthen the short musculuss ( or ) increase a musculus ‘s scope of gesture. These techniques involve stretch during which a mutual force is imposed on the targeted musculus for short period of clip, doing the musculus to loosen up and stretch farther. Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et Al ( 2003 ) Conducted a survey to happen the effectivity of musculus energy technique in increasing inactive articulatio genus extension and to research the mechanism behind any ascertained alteration. Forty symptomless topics between age of 18 to 45 old ages were indiscriminately allocated to experimental and command group. Experimental group was given with musculus energy technique and Control group with no intervention. They concluded that musculus energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et Al ( 2001 ) The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique. Freyer G et Al ( 2000 ) , Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et Al ( 1993 ) Stated that an addition in flexibleness after musculus energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiologic alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching. Lewit et Al ( 1999 ) Concluded that station isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic musculus, particularly if this relates to reflex contraction or the engagement of myofascial trigger points. Lewit, Libenson, Murphy et Al ( 1999 ) Stated that station isometric relaxation is an first-class technique for handling neuromuscular component musculus of a stiff, shortened or tight musculus. Lewit et Al ( 1999 ) , Greenman et Al ( 1989 ) Suggested that in musculus energy technique, the keeping clip of 7-10 seconds is more effectual than 3-5 seconds. Kuchera et Al ( 1997 ) Stated that addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus. Goodridge and Kuchera et Al ( 1997 ) Suggested that 3 repeats of isometric contractions is optimum in using musculus energy technique. Lederman et Al ( 1997 ) Stated that a viscoelastic alteration in musculus is responsible for the addition in musculus flexibleness after musculus energy technique. Chaitlow L et Al ( 1997 ) Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the clip required to excite the excitatory threshold of the Golgi sinew organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory consequence on the musculus spindle. This provides the chance to take the musculus into a new scope of gesture. Following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of about 25 to 30 seconds, during which the musculus can be stretched. Philip Greenman et Al ( 1996 ) Stated that manual medical specialty intervention process includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the topic ‘s musculus by the voluntary attempt in a exactly controlled way, at different degrees of strength, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This process can be used to lengthen a sawed-off, contracted or spastic musculus ; to beef up a physiologically diminished musculus ; to cut down localised hydrops, to mobilise an articulation with restricted mobility. Ward, Robert C et Al ( 1990 ) Stated that musculus energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction. Libenson et Al ( 1989 ) Stated that musculus energy technique is effectual in handling the musculus tenseness upset and it efficaciously relaxes stretches, strengthens the musculuss and re-educate unnatural sensory motor tract. Lewit et Al ( 1986 ) Stated that when a musculus is isometrically contracted its adversary will be inhibited and cut down tone instantly. Stiles and Greenman et Al ( 1984 ) Suggested that musculuss which requires stretching ( agonist ) should be the chief beginning of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more important grades of relaxation and so a more utile ability to later stretch the musculus were the relaxation consequence being achieved through usage of adversary ( utilizing mutual suppression ) . ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION Trial: C.M. Norris et Al ( 2005 ) Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial when used in concurrence with goniometry, accurate surface devising, and manual monitoring of the trial leg is a dependable step of hamstring musculus length. M.Mathews et Al ( 2005 ) Stated that active articulatio genus extension represents maximal length of hamstring musculuss. Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et Al ( 1985 ) Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial is said to be a utile option to the consecutive leg raise trial for supplying an indicant of hamstring musculus length. Gajdosik R.L et Al ( 1983 ) Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial is a more nonsubjective step of hamstring stringency which produces high dependability co-efficient. III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: Pre trial and station trial experimental group survey design. 3.2 STUDY Setting: Study will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore. 3.3 STUDY DURATION: Entire continuance was one twelvemonth. Individual received the intervention for the continuance of one hebdomad. 3.4 POPULATION STUDIED: 30 normal persons with hamstring stringency who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random trying method. Each group consists of 15 patients. Groups are named as group A and group B 3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION 3.5.1 Inclusive Standards: Age between 18 to 25 old ages Both males and females Normal persons with tight hamstrings ( inability to accomplish greater than 160A ° knee extension with hip at 90A ° flexure. ) 3.5.2EXCLUSIVE Standards: Low back pain – Acute accent or chronic. Hamstringing hurt – Acute accent or chronic. Soft tissue hurts around articulatio genus. Pregnancy. Metallic element implants in lower appendage. Recent break and stiffness in lower appendage. 3.6 Variables: 3.6.1 Independent Variables: Muscle energy technique. Ultrasound therapy with Inactive stretching. 3.6.2 Dependent Variables: Hamstringing flexibleness. 3.7 Parameters: Hamstringing flexibleness 3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLS: Active articulatio genus extension trial. Active articulatio genus extension trial was used for measuring of hamstring stringency. The topic was instructed to lie on their dorsum with hip and articulatio genuss bent 90 grades. Pelvic motion was controlled by the usage of straps. By utilizing the sidelong condyle of thighbone as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the thighbone, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and articulatio genus in 90 grades so instruct the topic to unbend the articulatio genus every bit for as possible boulder clay a esthesis of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the concluding consequence. 3.9 Procedures: GROUP A: MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE. Technique USED: Post isometric relaxation. INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Supine prevarication. Procedure: Ask the persons to presume supine place. Therapist flexes the affected hip to the full and so extends the flexed articulatio genus with the dorsum of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the healer who stands confronting the caput of the tabular array. Individual is asked to flex i.e. doing downward force per unit area against the therapist shoulder with the dorsum of lower leg at the same clip therapist defy the persons voluntary attempt so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and persons hold this for 10 seconds. After this attempt, the person is asked to expire and loosen up the musculus wholly. Then the healer takes the musculus to its new limitation barrier without stretch. Get downing from this new barrier, the same process is repeated two or three more times. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours. TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad. GROUP B: ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC Stretching: ULTRASOUND Therapy: INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Prone lying Parameters: Frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 2W/cmA? Manner: Continuous. AREA OF APPLICATION: Hamstring country Duration: Five Minutess daily ( Two proceedingss for median hamstrings, Two proceedingss for sidelong hamstrings and One min for between the two sinew ) . FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad Inactive Stretching: Technique USED: Active inactive stretching. INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Standing place. Procedure: Subjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the pes planted on the floor and toes pointed frontward. The heel of the pes to be stretched was placed on a pedestal with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The topic so flexed frontward at the hip, keeping the spinal column in impersonal place while making the arm forward. The topics continued to flex the hip until a soft stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then keep this place for 30 seconds and so loosen up for 10 seconds and reiterate the same process for three more times a twenty-four hours. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours. TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad 3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLS The undermentioned statistical tools used in this survey is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-test Formula: Paired t-test = Where, = difference between the pre trial versus station trial = mean difference = entire figure of topics = criterion divergence Unpaired t-test was used to compare the average difference between Group A and Group B. Formula: Unpaired t-test Where, = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B i = amount of the value n1 = figure of topics in Group A n1 = figure of topics in Group B S = criterion divergence Degree of significance: 5 % IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE-1 PAIRED ‘t ‘ Trial PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A Group A – MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group A, who were treated with Muscle energy Technique. S.NO Group A Mean MEAN DEVIATION Standard DEVIATION ‘t ‘ VALUE 1. Pre trial 135.2 22.87 6.46 30.03 2. Post trial 158.07 4.50 GRAPH-1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A ( MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ) . TABLE-II PAIRED ‘t ‘ Trial PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP B GROUP B – Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC Stretching HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group B, who were treated with Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. S.NO GROUP B Mean MEAN DEVIATION Standard DEVIATION ‘t ‘ VALUE 1. Pre trial 134.5 17.5 5.95 21.6 2. Post trial 152 5.11 GRAPH-II GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP B ( ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING ) TABLE-III UNPAIRED’t ‘ Trial COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRE TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND B HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired’t ‘ trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. S.NO Group Mean MEAN DEVIATION Standard DEVIATION ‘t ‘ VALUE 1. Group A 135.2 0.67 6.46 0.2940 2. Group B 134.5 5.95 GRAPH-III GRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B: TABLE-IV UNPAIRED ‘t ‘ Trial COMPARISON BETWEEN THE POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND B HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. S.NO Group Mean MEAN DEVIATION Standard DEVIATION ‘t ‘ VALUE 1. Group A 158.07 6.07 4.50 3.53 2. Group B 152 5.11 GRAPH-IV GRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF POST TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B: Analysis OF RESULTS: 30 persons with hamstring stringency were divided into two groups. Group A were treated with musculus energy technique. Group B were treated with ultrasound with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student’t ‘ trial. Paired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups. Paired’t ‘ trial: Group A – MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE Using Paired ‘t ‘ trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 30.03 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Group B – Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC Stretching Using Paired ‘t ‘ trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 21.6 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Unpaired’t ‘ trial: Comparing pre trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group B: Pre trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 0.294 which is lesser than table ‘t ‘ value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Comparing station trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group B: Post trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 3.53 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. V.DISCUSSION The intent of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 30 topics were selected who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards. The topics were divided into two groups, 15 in each group. Group A underwent musculus energy technique and Group B underwent ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Statistical analysis utilizing Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial showed that there was a important difference between Muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Paired ‘t ‘ trial concluded that there was a important betterment in hamstring flexibleness in both muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, which was supported by surveies as follows. Overuse hurts in lower limbs are reduced by increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss. ( Donald E Hartig, 1999 ) Extracting flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity. ( Ronald F, Zernickle 1996 ) Loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace. ( Zachazewski, 1989 ) Continuous ultrasound therapy additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Ultrasound soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein like skeletal musculus. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon and musculus length due to alter of their viscousness and malleability. ( Folconer 1992, Dyson 1987, Low and Reed1990 ) Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on the mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of collagen. Therefore hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater force was increased. ( Coakley, 1978 ) Thermal effects of ultrasound additions collagen temperature which will increase snap of tissue. Increased snap allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of tissues. It besides increases blood flow within the musculus. ( Warren C, Lehmann J, Stricker T, 1970, 1990 ) Longer keep times during stretching of hamstring musculuss result in greater additions in scope of gesture. ( Feland, 2001 ) Inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation. ( Robert and Wilson, 1999 ) Addition in length of the musculus which occurs after the application of musculus energy technique consequences in effectual venous or lymphatic drainage and addition in scope of gesture. ( Ballantyne F et Al 2003 ) Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased. ( Ross A, Clark, 2008 ) An addition in flexibleness after Muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiological alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching. ( Freyer G, Richard L, Melonie A, Rieck 1993, 2003 ) Addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus. ( Kuchera, 1997 ) By station isometric relaxation, consequence of sustained contraction on Golgi sinew organ set the sinew and musculus to new musculus length by suppressing it. Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation resulted in maximal betterment when compared to eccentric preparation on hamstring flexibleness. ( Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd, 2010 ) Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency. ( Wassim M, 2009 ) Muscle energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. ( Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P, 2003 ) Muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction. ( Ward, Robert C, 1990 ) The warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings. ( Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, 2010 ) Initiation of inactive stretching exercises involves the applications of superficial ( or ) deep heat agencies which show a positive consequence to increase the hamstring flexibleness. ( Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U, 2008 ) The additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds inactive stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds inactive stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings. ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok, 2006 ) The clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did n’t showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population. ( Trae Sakiyo Tashiro,2003 ) The continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss. ( Bandy WD, Irion JM, 1995 ) Inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length. ( C.D.Weijer, 2003 ) Inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length. ( William D Bandy, 1996 ) Inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) Muscle energy technique activates golgi sinews organ and bring forth a automatic relaxation of musculus. Ultrasound therapy increases the collagen temperature and increases the snap of tissue. Inactive stretching addition musculus length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fire and besides elicits golgi tendon response. This survey concluded that musculus energy technique showed greater betterment in hamstring flexibleness than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in persons with hamstring stringency. V1.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The purpose of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in single with hamstring stringency. 30 topics were selected in the age group between 18-25 old ages after due consideration of inclusion and exclusion standards. The topics were allotted into two groups. Group A received musculus energy technique and Group B received ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. The values of result steps were recorded before the beginning of intervention government Day1 and at the terminal of intervention government Day7. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student ‘t ‘ trial. Paired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups. The consequences showed that there was a important difference between musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. This survey concluded that musculus energy technique is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. VII.LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION This survey is a short term survey, it is hence necessary to make a long term survey to do the consequence more valid. Hamstringing flexibleness can besides recorded by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Sample studied was little and the survey reduces the generalising ability hence survey with a much larger population is recommended. Surveies aimed to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique ( by utilizing station isometric relaxation ) with other electrotherapy modes such as hot battalion, short moving ridge diathermy and with other techniques like PNF, Irish burgoo ‘s grip straight leg rise technique, mutual suppression, etc can be conducted for farther research. How to cite Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Eugene ONeill Essay Example For Students

Eugene ONeill Essay Eugene ONeillEugene Gladstone ONeills life is reflected throughout his plays in orderto let out his true feelings. Eugene ONeill was born in October on the 16,1888. He was born in New York City, New York, in a hotel on forty-third andBroadway. For the first seven years of his life, he traveled with his parents. James ONeill, his father, was among the top actors of his time and hismother, Ellen Quinlan, did not work, she only followed James from stage tostage. They traveled with the famous melodrama, The Count of Monte Cristo, whichhis father acted in. Right from the start, ONeill was growing up with playsall around him (143). Eugenes early education came from different Catholicschools. From 1895-1900, he attended St. Aloysius Academy for boys in Riverdale,New York, and from 1900-1902 he went to De La Salle Institute in New York. Afterthe De La Salle Institute, he attended a preparatory school, Betts Academy inStanford, Connecticut. From 1906-1907, he attended Princeton. After a year, hewas kicked out for breaking a window in a stationmasters house. Throughoutthese years of education his home life, or life on the road, wasnt very good. According to George H. Jensen in the Dictionary of Literary Biography ,Eugenes home life was crucial to the plays that he wrote. Filled with guilt,betrayal, and accusations, it is, sometimes hard to see and sometimes Castellari2 very easy for us to see. Ellen Quinlan ONeill felt betrayal when threemonths after her marriage, James was accused by Nettie Walsh of being herhusband and the father of her child. Jamie, Ellens firstborn, passed themeasles to Edmund, her second born, who died shortly afterward. Ellen became adrug addict after a doctor gave her morphine while getting better afterEugenes birth. Later, she blamed her addiction on James, her husband. Shesaid that he was too miserly to pay for a good doctor (141-142). This is almostthe exact plot of the play Long Days Journey Into Night. Most of his entirehome life was developed into his plays. His feeling about his mother being adrug addict were presented in the play Long Days Journey Into Night (156). His early years were profoundly affected by the pressures of his mothersrecurring mental illness and drug addiction and by his tempestuous relationshipwith his father, a discordant family situation that he later drew upon whenwriting Long Days Journey into Night (Poupard 156). In the play, themother was a morphine addict, just as his mother was in real life. In life, heraddiction was because of the birth of her second son, Edmund, but she blames iton her husband. In the play, the mother actually blames her morphine addictionon her youngest son, Edmund. While Eugene was living at home, there were manyother things going wrong that showed up in Long Days Journey into Night. Oneof the events was the relationship of his mother and father. Throughout hislife, they fought Castellari 3 continuously about her drug addiction. Anotherwas that Edmund was sick throughout the entire play. ONeills real brotherEdmund was sick since a young child and died of malaria. This entire play canalmost be con sidered an autobiography (146-147). Eugene ONeills LongDays Journey into Night is intensely personal and directly autobiographical. Written in an agonizing attempt to understand himself, and no doubt primarilyfor his own sake, it is not only about himself, but about his father and hismother as well. Because ONeill was so essentially a dramatist,self-examination and the attempt to lighten the burden of the past inevitablytook the form of a drama. (Krutch 158) Eugene Gladstone ONeills play LongDays Journey into Night definitely portrays his feelings about his family. Heshows that he dislikes the relationship of his parents, but that he can notblame it wholly on them. He also puts part of the blame on the drugs that makehis mother act the way she does and on the alcohol that makes his father act theway that he does (158). Once ONeill left home and was dismissed fromPrinceton because of his grades, he had to work a few odd jobs so he didnthave to live on the streets. In 1909 he met and married Kathleen Jenkins. Hisfather disapproved of the marriage, so he sent Eugene to Honduras to prospectfor gold. While he was Cast ellari 4 there he caught malaria, which caused him togo back home. Kathleen then gave birth to Eugenes first son, Eugene GladstoneJr. A month after his son was born he became a seaman on the Charles Racine, aNorwegian ship. After working for a while, in 1911 he returned to New York. .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 , .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .postImageUrl , .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 , .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:hover , .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:visited , .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:active { border:0!important; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:active , .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8 .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50ac8ad807f74e82035389ec644b66c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Monique Abdelsayed EssayKathleen and Eugene divorced because Kathleen didnt like Eugene always beingaway. He then moved to Jimmy-the-Priests, a waterfront apartment place. Soonenough he took another voyage. He went out on the New York and returned on thePhiladelphia, both of them were luxury liners. These voyages providedmaterial for The Hairy Ape and other plays (Jensen 142). At the end of 1912,he chose the brief career as a journalist. The reason it was short was becausehe became diagnosed with tuberculosis. He entered the Gaylord Farm Sanitorium tobe treated. This is where ONeill gained his life back. He went into thesanitorium as a bad poet, but he came out with the de cision to be a seriouswriter. He began to pursue this choice while living with the Rippin family inNew London. This is where he started to write a few of his best plays (160). Having grown up with The Count of Monte Cristo, ONeill had little choice butto began by writing melodramas. In the early twentieth century, theatricalexperiments in Europe were not easily transplanted to America. The unavoidablemodel, then was the melodrama, in which plot was more important that thecharacterization. ONeill eventually broke from the Castellari 5 tradition ofmelodrama by making characterization more important than plot. (142) In thefirst plays, ONeill has the plot and the action much more significant thanhis characters. Later on in his writing career he began to make the characters alot more important than the plot, especially when he writes about his life as hedid in Long Days Journey into Night (154). Throughout the rest of his life as awriter, he was acknowledged for many writings. He has won the Pulitzer Prizefour times, for Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christine, Strange Interlude, and lastfor Long Days Journey into Night. He has also won many other awards. Hisbiggest achievement was the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936. However, hisbest play was never really noticed by the public until after his death, LongDays Journey into Night. Eugene Gladstone ONeill died in Boston,Massachusetts on November 27, 1957.

Information Society free essay sample

In many societies today, evidence exists of an increase in information that has opened a floodgate of knowledge, thereby putting a dent into human ignorance and significantly changing various aspects of life including education, communication, business and societal living. It is this prevalence of information that has led to the birth of what theoreticians refer to as the ‘information society’. It is not known exactly when the information society came into being, but it is believed that originated in Japan in 1964 according to (Duff, 1996 p. 119). Moreover, (Martin, 1995 p. 2) also notes that Masuda, one of its founders came to the realization that â€Å"the making of information values became the formative force for the development of society. † This new society also conceptualized in the mind of the economist, Fritz Machlup, who studied the role of knowledge in American societies. He felt especially concerned about how certain practices restricted competition, particularly, the patent system. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He observed the cost of the patent system in contrast to its benefits, and consequently, was forced to inquire into the educational system. He investigated how the United States, as a nation, produced knowledge. His inquiry led him not only to investigate scientific and technical information, but all schooling, elementary though graduate education. He was able to distinguish five division of the knowledge sector and, as a consequence, calculated that in 1959 twenty-nine percent (29%) of the Gross National Product (GNP) in the United States of America had been produced in knowledge industries. Other proponents of the concept include Peter Drucker who has argued that there is a transition from an economy based on material goods to one based on knowledge. Yet another line of argument is that of Daniel Bell who pointed out that the number of employees producing services and information is an indicator for the informational character of a society. He adds further that in such a society, what counts is not raw muscle power or energy, but information. In addition, Jean-Francois Lyotard contends that â€Å"Knowledge has become the principle force of production over the last few decades. To add to this list of proponents’ points of view is a claim made by the former Minister of Tourism in Antigua Barbuda, Honorable Harold Lovell, who said that, â€Å"We have long drifted away from the days when the livelihood of society depended largely on the cultivation of food crops to one in which information and services take priority. † What then is the information society? T here is no universally accepted definition of the concept of information society; as it is conceptualized differently by various writers. For example, in the article â€Å"Introduction: Information Society Studies† Frank Webster writes that the information society is seen by its advocates to be as different from Industrialism as the Industrial Society was from its predecessor, the Agricultural Society. He expatiates by saying that from that perspective, people in the industrial era made their living by the sweat of their brow, dexterity of their hands, by working in factories to manufacture products. In contrast, in the information society, â€Å"Livelihoods are increasingly made by the appliance and manipulation of information, be it software design, branding, or financial services, and the output is not so much a tangible thing as a change in image, relationship or perception. † However, despite this view, some uncertainty still exists as to its definition as it is yet to be determined if the concept is evolutionary or revolutionary. However, for the purpose of this paper, the following definition will be used: A society characterized by a high level of information intensity in the everyday life of most of its citizens, in most organizations and workplaces, by the use of common or compatible technology for a wide range of personal, social, educational and business activities, and by the ability to transmit and receive digital data rapidly between places irrespective of distances. † (Aerythstwyth module The Net Result 1) According to research literature, the informa tion society is replete with benefits, but emerging alongside this view is a contradictory school of thought which argues that this new society is not without significant pitfalls. Therefore, this paper will examine the tenets of the information society in order to unearth its advantages and disadvantages. To determine the pros and the cons of the concept, it is necessary to consider various definitions and perspectives of its two key terms: ‘information’ and ‘society’ as put forward by authorities from different fields. Definitions of Key Terms The term ‘information’ is not confined to any one definition; it is used in a wide range of contexts and means different things to different people. In the article, Information-as-Thing, Buckland (1991) considers it as having to do with becoming informed, with the reduction of ignorance and uncertainty. Despite this perception, he contends that the term is itself ‘ambiguous’, but he adopts an approach which identifies and classifies the many uses of the word into three principle uses: information-as-process, information-as-knowledge and information-as-thing. Moreover, he puts forward the view that information goes beyond mere communication to include data, text, documents, objects and events—things from which individuals are informed. His third category, information-as-thing, meets with strong theoretical objections. One opposing line of argument is that presented by Wiener in (Machlup 1983, p. 642). He argues that â€Å"Information is information, not material nor energy. † As a counter response, Buckland maintains that to restrict information to the context of communication is remissive of his third category of the uses of the word. He explains that the noun ‘information’ has two basic meanings: (1) the telling of something or (2) that which is told. These, he asserts, are either analogies and metaphors or concoction from the condoned appropriation of a word that had not been meant by earlier users. Another objection to ‘information-as-thing’ is proffered by Fairthorne (1954). He notes that, â€Å"Information is an attribute of the receiver’s knowledge and interpretation of the signal, neither of the sender’s nor some omniscient observer’s nor of the signal itself. † Nevertheless, he accedes that the language is as it is used, and as such one cannot dismiss â€Å"information-as-thing† so long as it is a commonly used meaning of the term â€Å"information†. The very nature of the objection would seem to confirm the observation that the word, ‘information’ is not without ambiguity. In addition to the foregoing definitions of the word information, another insight is that which is entered into the sixth edition of Harrods Librarians’ Glossary, which states that information is â€Å"an assemblage of data in a comprehensive form, recorded on paper or some other medium and capable of communication. † On the other hand, The Standard Dictionary of Computers and Information Processing renders it as â€Å"the meaning assigned to data by known conventions. Thus data are the marks, such as characters, signs or symbols themselves, whereas the knowledge assigned to this is information. ’ A controversy now exists between the concepts of ‘data’ and ‘information’ because the two terms are often used synonymously, but this need not confuse the issue, for data is not the same as information. Data is really the unevaluated facts or the raw material of information which can occur in different forms, namely, signals, symbols or characters. In essence, information is really data processed into a meaningful and communicable form and thus constitutes knowledge which is capable of effecting change. Society’, the second term of the concept, ‘information society’ also has a variety of definitions, but for the purpose of this paper is that recorded in the Longman Dictionary of the English Language, which declares that society is ‘a community, nation or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, and collective activities and interests. ’ Although the two terms have a numerous meanings in various fields, it is an undisputed fact that information does have an impact, positive or negative, on society. One only has to look at every strata of society to see our high level of dependence on information. In addition, (Webster p. 19) points out, â€Å"We have achieved an information society when the preponderance of occupations is found in information work. † Similarly, Peter Otto and Philipp Sonntag (1985) say that an information society is â€Å"a society where the majority of its employees work in information jobs; that is, they have to deal with information, signals, symbols and images [rather] than with energy and matter. † Information was always a social fact; there was never a time in human history that information, as per the foregoing definitions and perspectives, was not a part of societal life. The caveman’s attempt at drawing on the walls of his primitive home, his signs, symbols, and artifacts all testify to the presence of information in society. Its impact since those early years has shaped the structure of society and life in general, but its transforming influence was especially felt at the turn of the twentieth century—the Enlightening Era. New technological inventions, new modes of travel, the dramatic increase of medical knowledge, not to mention the introduction of new machines in education, communication and business, testify to the metamorphic effect of the information society. In light of these points, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the information society possess remarkable merits. Therefore, this paper will now examine the advantages and disadvantages of the information society. Advantages Social value As stated earlier, information was always an intrinsic component of society. However, its preponderance is a key into the modern world and has also given rise to the development of technological innovations, particularly, the introduction of information technology, a core element of the information society. It is probably this more than anything else that has paved the way for information’s influence at all levels of societal life. One only has to look at the greatly improved accessibility to information to realize its effect. With the aid of information technology, we are able to access not only constant but up-to-date information. Moreover, the velocity, efficiency and ease with which information is transmitted serve to bridge geographical distances creating linkages between people and businesses. It is also true that conventional modes of communication are being eroded by new methods, such as electronic networking. Why write a letter when it is easier to communicate with others around the globe by text messaging or e-mail with almost instantaneous response? Furthermore the language barrier becomes non- existent as software that translates information to required languages is also a part of this form of networking. Of significance is the fact that these methods of communication are conducive to business, education and even entertainment. No longer does a business contract have to be negotiated face-to-face; instead, video conferencing through the internet has narrowed the divide between partners in commerce. Similarly, research information that was once obtained only from volumes of books is now available via the internet. Clearly, the information society seems destined to reform the status quo and its influence is readily accepted by all classes in society. Disadvantages It is accepted that there is an increase of information in society today, but critics argue that its preponderance is not sufficient evidence to support the view of an information society. It is more feasible to conclude that its growth has led to the development of technological innovations such as information technology rather than the birth of a new society. They argue that the form and function of information is subordinate to long-established principles and practices, insisting that the central feature of the present is its continuity with the past. Another objection, put forward by Frank Webster. He argues that if technology is the main criterion for defining a society; then, this new era should be seen as a high-tech society or an automated age. He questions the designation â€Å"information† in a society in which technology is key. Furthermore, he maintains, â€Å"If there is just more information then it is hard to understand why anyone should suggest that we have before us something radically new. † This view is also held by Kevin Robins as he suggests that: â€Å"Today’s Information Society continues and deepens long-established patterns rather than announces a new age. † Despite the fact that technological innovations have electronically integrated people, they equally isolate them, lessening the impact of the human touch. A typical example is this very programme. Students from different parts of the world are required to visit the University once per year and, though this is a learning experience, it raises the query as to the effect of the virtual classroom on students’ performance. The cost of travel is also another critical consideration. The need for safety and privacy is another matter of concern in the information society, for although information technology has made ommunication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has no fool proof security against invasion of privacy and safety of information. As Martin (1995) puts it, â€Å"As more networks come online, transaction generated information about individual citizens can be mixed and matched †¦ digital data is unregulated. † As a consequence, many unsuspecting persons have been known to be the victims of hackers, whose sole intent is to distort information that has been channeled through different information sources. In a similar fashion, crimes such as electronic fraud, identity theft child pornography and prostitution have become common via technological information sources. Clearly, the information society is not all it is purported to be. Advantages Employment and the economy The emergence of the information society heralds new and more cost-effective strategies for addressing the economic sector of society. As Stonier (1991 p. 257 ) succinctly puts it, â€Å"The most important input into modern productive systems is no longer land, labour, or capital—it is information. Embedded in this statement is the suggestion that information is the panacea for problems arising in the economy. Undoubtedly, the use of information and communication technologies greatly reduces the need for standardized and manual production, but encourages a more diversified, knowledge based production of goods and services. Additionally, they provide opportunities for improved productivity thus strengthening the g rowth of the economy while generating new jobs. The question however is how to create and maintain awareness of the potential of new approaches to organization of work. The solution lies in education. Information technology plays a dominant role in educational curricula and its inclusion in institutions of learning have only served to prepare individuals for the information-based working arena that typify the information society. The result of this initiative has culminated in the emergence and growth of new information-centered professions including computer and information managers, librarians and computer scientists. Moreover, most single and corporate employment firms demand employees be computer literate in order to stay abreast with the current knowledge trend that the world of commerce has now become. The relevance of this stipulation is borne out even by our Aberystwyth Open Learning program. In view of the fact that it significantly incorporates distance learning. Of what benefit would it be to the student who is not conversant with computer programming? Another commendable point to consider in favour of the information society is the fact that in such a society, production is not entirely dependent on the presence of the employee in the actual work place. By means of technological networking an employee is able to perform his duty from miles away. The same is also true for banking, trading and the like. In fact, trade convenience internet provides the source through which businesses can post an advertisement for selling any product. Similarly, a consumer can successfully purchase a product via the Internet. Undoubtedly, the information society has made wrought significant changes in personal and societal life. Disadvantages While it is true that the information society with its technological innovations has significantly and positively impacted the world economy, it is also equally true that its emergence has brought with it a number of factors that do negatively affect society. Implied in Stonier’s observation above is a heavy reliance on technology. People depending on, for example, computerized systems are at a loss, unable to manage should these machines become unavailable. Such reliance on technological sources of information would seem to devalue natural human ingenuity. In addition to this is the possibility of job losses as computers are now used to perform tasks in the work place that were once done manually. Another negative line of argument is that which deals with information overload. It is an undisputed fact that the information society connotes a vast body of information. However, as an Antiguan colloquial term says, â€Å"Too much of one thing is good for nothing. † and the internet as well as other information and communication technology are replete with information, but this information is sometimes of no value to the user especially if it is not current data. Thus information overload is a veritable problem in the information society. Dutton (2005) must have been of the same opinion as he writes, â€Å"The reality of today’s networks includes a large-scale nature and omplexity, increasing congestion and alternative behaviors of users of the networks, as well as interactions between the networks themselves. † Advantages Global implications The global community also stands to gain from technological innovations of the information society. Networking is an integral component of information technology. Consequently, information can be shared across the world’s community. Of special value is the ease with which diverse, but pertinent information is transmitted particularly during a crisis. A case in point is that which deals with the transmission and communication of metrological data. As is the custom, prior to the hurricane season in the Caribbean metrological personnel usually inform citizens of the eminence of a storm often correlating their statistical data using technological impressions. Of note too is the ability of technological implements to cut through the cultural divide. Despite cultural differences, people are able to work together, sharing ideas that benefit them both educationally and socially. For example, like the University of Aberystwyth, the University of the West Indies Jamaica and Barbados also offer students opportunities for study through distance education by means of teleconferencing, an offspring of technology. This is especially effective since it is cost-effective and in addition, it fosters relationships between people of different cultures and walks of life. Disadvantages A major disadvantage to the notion of global unity is the sad fact that sources of technology is not always equitable and affordable especially that individuals have constantly to update their systems. Additionally, in countries where technological innovation is still a novel experience, the demand for use far exceeds government’s ability to supply. For this reason a large number of citizens in some parts of the world are technologically illiterate. Conclusion Given the advantages and disadvantages of the information society, it is hard to ignore its presence if one operates from the premise that the preponderance of information and the subsequent development of technological sources through which information is transmitted, constitutes an information society. On the other hand, if one holds to the view that an increase of information does not necessarily justify the prefix ‘information’ to society, but view it as a continuity of data that is channeled and transmitted through technological inventions, then one could easily conclude that an information society does not exist. However, it would be ludicrous to deny the positive effects, despite the negative ones of technological innovations in present society.

Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)

Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad) Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad) Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad) By Daniel Scocco Finding the best writing apps for iOS can be challenging. Arguably the best word processor in existence, Microsoft Word, was designed with Windows in mind. Still, developers have answered the call and diehard Apple fans can still find several high-quality writing apps to help them write down their ideas. Whether you need a full-scale word processor or a simple notetaking app, there are several great options for iOS users. 1. Byword If you are writing on mobile or tablet, Byword is one of the best markdown editors out there. It isn’t flashy, it won’t cure cancer, but it will help you write down words. By default, it supports TXT, TEXT, MD, MMD, MARKDOWN, MARKDN, MDOWN, MKDN, MARKD, and Fountain file formats. Another added bonus of Byword is that you can export your finished products as PDFs and HTML documents. 2. Editorial Editorial comes with a little more functionality than Byword. What makes Editorial a great app is the fact that it has features like a built-in multi-tab web browser, Dropbox integration, and more. It also comes with inline preview for taskpaper, markdown, and foundation documents. 3. 1Writer 1Writer is one of the best notetaking apps for iOS. It can easily be downloaded from the App Store for either iPhone or iPad. The app can be used to write down ideas, for research, or to revise past ideas. 4. iA Writer Pro If you are looking for a great, free word processor, iA Writer Pro is the right app for you. This app provides you with all the tools and features you expect from a word processor without the price. By default, it is compatible with both the iPad and iPhone. 5. Pages Pages is Apple’s response to Microsoft Word. Like any app developed by a major company, Pages works as you would expect to. It is also completely compatible with iOS because it was designed specifically for it. Pages is great because it comes with every feature you will need as a writer. If you require a more professional-grade word processor, Pages is exactly what you need. 6. Ulysses What more could you expect from a program that was named after one of the greatest novels ever written? This word processor is compatible with most devices that run on iOS. Ulysses is considered to be one of the best writing apps on the App Store and is used by many professional writers who work on iOS. Why is Ulysses so good? It boasts a simple, yet effective design, is easy to use, has workflow options, a slew of export options, and syncs across the various iOS devices. 7. Werdsmith Werdsmith is another great option for aspiring writers who use iOS. This free app is compatible with both the iPhone and iPad. What makes Werdsmith great is the fact that it is loaded with features, has a great UI, Dropbox integration, and it can even be used on the iPod touch. 8. Bear Bear is another example of a barebones, markdown notetaking app. It won’t blow you away with features, but it does what it does well. This notetaking app is best used for taking notes and writing prose. You can also input your notes into Bear, making it a great app to use to study while you are transiting to and from school. Bear is very easy to use and a great option if you want a free notetaking app. 9. Microsoft Word for iOS Alright, you may be thinking, why are you suggesting Microsoft Word for iOS? One simple reason, because it exists. If you are comfortable with Microsoft Word and all of its features, why change? Microsoft has created an iOS version of their flagship word processor and it works flawlessly. A lot of iOS users make use of Pages because they think it is the go-to word processor for iOS. But, if Microsoft Word is available, why not use arguably the best word processor on the market? 10. Grammarly Sometimes Grammar is hard. Even the best writers will tell you this. Grammarly isn’t an official writing app like the other ones previously listed. Grammarly is a free grammar-checking app that is available on iOS. The free version will help you make basic corrections and improve your grammar, while the paid version comes with even more features. With Grammarly, you will never struggle with spelling, syntax, and sentence structure. 11. Dictionary.com App No one has perfect spelling. We all misspell words and rely on that wavy red line to tell us when we make mistakes. The official Dicitonary.com app is a great choice for writers who want to bolster their vocabulary, check the meanings of new words, and help find synonyms for words that they use too much. What makes this app even better is that it is free and it comes in a lite version. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Yay, Hooray, Woos)

Exploring factors contributing to depression in women Essay

Exploring factors contributing to depression in women - Essay Example In recognizing the gender difference in diagnosis rate, it is necessary to consider the potential difference in prevalence or extent of factors that impact across genders to result in depression. Factors that have been explored within the current literature review include the views towards a diagnosis, treatment and recovery from depression held by professionals and females experiencing depression, and the impact of religious views and the external factors that may impact on diagnosis and recovery. The professional and personal views were notably linked to diagnosis and recovery, with positive views supporting recovery and negative views leading to increased chances of untreated depression. The shift in treatment options reflected the developing support for a positive approach to accessing mental health services. Additionally, religion was noted to affect the choice to access treatment and recovery rates by women with depression, depending on the positivity of those views. The findin gs of this literature review suggests that there is scope for further work in implication for future practice, both in exploring in more detail the range of factors that occur with depression in females, and to explore the evidence base for the higher diagnosis in females. Ideally, despite the fact that depression occurs to all individuals regardless of gender, observations and past researches have shown that indeed the effects and impact that depression has on women are greater than those found in the male gender. Additionally, a number of factors have been found to contribute substantively towards the enhancement of the effect and impact of depression on women. Environmental and socio-economic factors are indeed the greatest contributors considering the variances that exist between women and men on such perspectives. The paper, therefore, focuses on the factors that significantly contribute towards the increased occurrence of